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Hindu nationalism
Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expressions of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of historical Indian subcontinent. Some scholars have argued that the use of the term "Hindu nationalism" to refer to ''Hindū rāṣṭravāda'' is a simplistic translation and is better described by the term "Hindu polity".
The native thought streams became highly relevant in Indian history when they helped form a distinctive identity in relation to the Indian polity〔Chatterjee Partha (1986)〕 and provided a basis for questioning colonialism.〔Peter van der Veer, Hartmut Lehmann, Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton University Press, 1999〕 They inspired the independence movements against the British Raj based on armed struggle,〔Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb ''Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia'', 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003〕 coercive politics,〔Bhatt, Chetan, ''Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths'', Berg Publishers (2001), ISBN 978-1-85973-348-6.〕 and non-violent protests. They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.〔
== Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th Century ==
Many Hindu reform movements originated in the nineteenth century. These movements led to the fresh interpretations of the ancient scriptures of Upanishads and Vedanta and also emphasised on social reform.〔 The marked feature of these movements was that they countered the notion of western superiority and white supremacy propounded by the colonizers as a justification for British colonialism in India. This led to the upsurge of patriotic ideas that formed the cultural and an ideological basis for the independence movement in India.〔
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